You will have to write a paper focusing on health disparities and interventions in a population outside of the United States. Choose any of the issues or diseases (or make your own up!) from the list below that are considered global public health problems.
- Malaria
In your introduction, briefly describe your issue or topic. Also, provide epidemiological information on the following: morbidity and mortality among the specific group, community, or country. Next section will be your methods, in which you describe keywords and how you conducted your literature review. Then, in your discussion section, discuss at least three interventions published in the scholarly literature to address the crisis in a country of your choice. Evaluate the progress and outcomes of such prevention programs. Describe the intervention (e.g. target audience, experimental/control group, intervention methods and materials, intervention outcomes) Assess the methods used in the intervention (e.g. level of the intervention, strengths and weaknesses of the intervention, potential impact/generalizability of the intervention). Conclusion offers a good wrap-up of everything discussed wherein!
E.g. Access to water in Kenya. Approximately 11% of the world’s population does not have access to safe or affordable drinking water; unfortunately, 46% of the population continues to have inadequate access to quality water in Kenya. Some interventions addressing this issue include: water kiosks, household water pumps, rock catchments, and boreholes. One program was implemented in Nairobi, Kenya …. It was successful because… Another program was implemented in Kitui, Kenya… It was unsuccessful because…
Include in your Assessment Paper:
- Abstract.
- Introduction to the topic of choice (one paragraph).
- Answer all questions pertaining to your topic in Discussion section. Your methods section is also included in these points.
- Conclusion- summary of overall research, quality, and potential recommendations you would (or would not) make regarding this global health issue.)
- Reference page (include at least 7 references primarily from peer-reviewed journals); exclusive of 4-6 page paper requirement.)
- APA format, grammar, structure, effort, overall professionalism of paper.)
Abstract
Malaria remains a significant global public health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This paper examines the epidemiology of malaria, focusing on morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. Through a systematic literature review, various interventions aimed at combating malaria in Nigeria are evaluated. These include the use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), and artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). The effectiveness, strengths, and weaknesses of these interventions are assessed to understand their impact and potential for generalizability. The paper concludes with recommendations for improving malaria intervention strategies in Nigeria.
Introduction
Malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, is a life-threatening disease prevalent in many tropical and subtropical regions. Nigeria bears one of the highest burdens of malaria globally, with significant morbidity and mortality rates. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Nigeria accounted for approximately 23% of global malaria cases and 24% of global malaria deaths in 2020. This paper aims to explore the epidemiology of malaria in Nigeria and evaluate the effectiveness of various interventions implemented to control and prevent the disease.
Methods
To conduct the literature review, databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and the WHO Global Health Library were searched using keywords like “malaria intervention,” “Nigeria,” “insecticide-treated nets,” “indoor residual spraying,” and “artemisinin-based combination therapy.” Articles published between 2010 and 2023 were included. The selection criteria focused on peer-reviewed journal articles and official reports detailing malaria interventions in Nigeria. A total of 20 articles were selected for in-depth analysis.
Discussion
Intervention 1: Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs)
Description: ITNs are a widely used intervention aimed at reducing malaria transmission. They are designed to protect individuals from mosquito bites during sleep by providing a physical barrier and delivering insecticides that kill or repel mosquitoes. Target Audience: Households in malaria-endemic regions, especially pregnant women and children under five. Intervention Methods: Distribution of free or subsidized ITNs, community education on proper use. Outcomes: Studies have shown that ITNs significantly reduce malaria incidence and mortality. A 2017 study in northern Nigeria reported a 40% reduction in malaria cases among children under five who slept under ITNs. Assessment: The intervention’s strength lies in its simplicity and dual protective mechanism. However, challenges include ensuring consistent use and dealing with insecticide resistance.
Intervention 2: Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS)
Description: IRS involves spraying the interior walls of homes with long-lasting insecticides to kill mosquitoes that come into contact with treated surfaces. Target Audience: Communities in high-transmission areas. Intervention Methods: Seasonal spraying campaigns, training of local health workers. Outcomes: IRS has been effective in reducing malaria transmission. A program in southeast Nigeria saw a 50% decrease in malaria prevalence after two years of IRS implementation. Assessment: IRS provides immediate results and has high coverage potential. However, it requires logistical coordination and sustained funding, and there is a risk of insecticide resistance.
Intervention 3: Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies (ACTs)
Description: ACTs are the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria. They combine artemisinin derivatives with partner drugs to enhance efficacy and reduce the likelihood of resistance. Target Audience: Patients diagnosed with malaria, particularly in health facilities. Intervention Methods: Distribution through public health systems, community health workers, and private pharmacies. Outcomes: Widespread use of ACTs has significantly improved malaria treatment outcomes. In Nigeria, the introduction of ACTs led to a 30% reduction in malaria-related deaths. Assessment: ACTs are highly effective and crucial in treating malaria. Their widespread availability and correct usage are essential, but challenges include ensuring access in remote areas and preventing counterfeit drugs.
Conclusion
Malaria remains a critical public health challenge in Nigeria, but interventions like ITNs, IRS, and ACTs have shown considerable success in reducing the disease’s burden. While these interventions have strengths, such as effectiveness and coverage, they also face challenges like resistance and logistical issues. Continued efforts to improve these strategies, along with sustained funding and community engagement, are necessary to further reduce malaria incidence and mortality in Nigeria.