Instructions:
In a separate document, work on the definition for the first 20 concepts of pharmacology, (left pink column, first page of the attached document) and for the first 10 abbreviations (left pink column, last page of the document).
PHARMACOLOGY KEY CONCEPTS, ASSOCIATED MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY AND COMMON ABBREVIATIONS
| Agonist | Gate theory |
| Antagonist | Neuropathic pain |
| Bioavailability | Narcotics |
| Dependence | Nociception |
| Drug Interaction | Opioid withdrawal |
| Enzymes | Somatic pain |
| Incompatibility | Analgesia |
| Metabolite | Anesthesia |
| Peak effect | Rapid Eye Movements (REM) |
| Pharmacognosy | Sedatives |
| Receptor | Cataplexy |
| Tolerance | Anorexiants |
| Trough Level | Narcolepsy |
| Diffusion | Autoinduction |
| Polypharmacy | Seizures |
| Placebo | Akinesia |
| Medication Reconciliation | Chorea |
| Iatrogenic effects | Dystonia |
| Addiction | Exogenous |
| Adjuvant drugs | Agoraphobia |
| Akathisia | Ischemia |
| Neurotransmitter | Vasospastic Angina |
| Enuresis | Atherosclerosis |
| Micturition | Automaticity |
| Withdrawal | Depolarization |
| Detoxification | Anticoagulants |
| Catecholamine | Clot |
| Mydriasis | Embolus |
| Inotropic Effect | Hemostatic |
| Chronotropic Effect | Chylomicrons |
| Dromotropic Effect | Statins |
| Acrocyanosis | Ascites |
| Extravasation | Filtrate |
| Lipophilicity | Colloids |
| Pheochromocytoma | Crystalloids |
| Sympatholytic | Edema |
| Atony | Hyperkalemia |
| Miosis | Hypernatremia |
| Prodrug | Homeostasis |
| Cardiac Output | Isotonic |
| Thyroxine | Asepsia |
| Triiodothyronine | Antiseptic |
| Glycogen | Colonization |
| Ketones | Host Factor |
| Polyuria | Teratogens |
| Polydipsia | Microgram |
| Polyphagia | Multidrug-resistant organisms |
| Epinephrine | Nephrotoxicity |
| Glucocorticoids | Ototoxicity |
| Mineralocorticoids | Antiviral |
| Chloasma | Antiretroviral |
| Estrogens | Dermatophyte |
| Gonadotropin | Fungi |
| Anabolic activity | Sterols |
| Androgenic activity | Mycosis |
| Catabolism | Yeasts |
| Antigens | Anthelmintic |
| Empiric Therapy | Chemotaxis |
| Allergen | Salicylism |
| Immunoglobulins | Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) |
| Analogue | Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) |
| Anaplasia | Emesis |
| Carcinogen | Tocopherols |
| Clone | Heme |
| Differentiation | Globin |
| Emetic potential | Anabolism |
| Metastasis | Catabolism |
| Mitotic index | Dumping Syndrome |
| Mutation | Nutrients |
| Mutagen | Atopic |
| Sarcomas | Accommodation |
| Autoimmune | Cycloplegics |
| Cytokines | Lysozyme |
| Hematopoiesis | Tears |
| Interferons | Cerumen |
| Immunosuppressant | Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) |
| Booster shot | Emesis |
| Venom | Tocopherols |
| Hydrochloric acid (HCL0 | Heme |
| Parietal cells | Globin |
COMMON ABBREVIATIONS
| ID (drug route) | AD (drug route) |
| IM (drug route) | AS (drug route) |
| IV (drug route) | AU (drug route) |
| NG (drug route) | tbsp. (drug dosage) |
| OD (drug route) | tsp (drug dosage) |
| OS (drug route) | mcg (drug dosage) |
| OU (drug route) | aa (drug administration) |
| PO (drug route) | ac (drug administration) |
| SC; SQ; S/C (drug route) | NPO (drug administration) |
| SL (drug route) | tid (drug administration) |
| g or gm (drug dosage) | Rx (drug administration) |
| gr (drug dosage) | stat (drug administration) |
| Gtt; gtt (drug dosage) | pc (drug administration) |
| IU (drug dosage) | bid (drug administration) |
| L (drug dosage) | h; hr (drug administration) |
| lb (drug dosage) | hs (drug administration) |
| mEq (drug dosage) | prn (drug administration) |
| min (drug dosage) | qid (drug administration) |
| ss (drug dosage) | qod (drug administration) |
| oz (drug dosage) | Ad lib (drug administration) |
Reference:
Lilley, L.L., Collins, S.R. & Snyder, J.S. (2020). Pharmacology and the Nursing Process (9th ed). Elsevier, Inc.
Pharmacology Key Concepts:
- Agonist: An agonist is a substance that binds to a receptor and activates it, producing a biological response similar to the endogenous ligand.
- Antagonist: An antagonist is a substance that binds to a receptor but does not activate it, blocking the action of agonists and preventing their effects.
- Bioavailability: Bioavailability refers to the fraction of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation and is available for pharmacological action after administration, taking into account factors like absorption and metabolism.
- Dependence: Dependence occurs when an individual develops a physical or psychological reliance on a drug, leading to withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation.
- Drug Interaction: Drug interaction refers to the modification of the effects of one drug by another when both drugs are administered together, potentially resulting in enhanced or reduced therapeutic outcomes.
- Enzymes: Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the body, including those involved in drug metabolism.
- Incompatibility: Incompatibility refers to the inability of two or more drugs or substances to be mixed together without causing undesirable effects, such as precipitation or degradation.
- Metabolite: A metabolite is a chemical compound formed as a result of drug metabolism, which may have pharmacological activity or be inactive.
- Peak Effect: The peak effect represents the time at which a drug reaches its maximum therapeutic response in the body.
- Pharmacognosy: Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal drugs derived from natural sources, such as plants, animals, and minerals.
- Receptor: A receptor is a protein molecule on or within a cell that binds to specific drugs, hormones, or neurotransmitters, initiating a cellular response.
- Tolerance: Tolerance is a phenomenon in which an individual requires increasing doses of a drug to achieve the same therapeutic effect, often due to adaptations in the body’s response.
- Trough Level: The trough level is the lowest concentration of a drug in the blood between doses, typically measured to ensure therapeutic levels are maintained.
- Diffusion: Diffusion is the passive movement of a drug from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, allowing it to spread throughout the body.
- Polypharmacy: Polypharmacy refers to the use of multiple medications by a single individual, which can lead to increased complexity, drug interactions, and potential adverse effects.
- Placebo: A placebo is an inactive substance given to a patient to mimic the effects of a real drug, often used in clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of a new medication.
- Medication Reconciliation: Medication reconciliation is the process of comparing a patient’s current medication regimen with any newly prescribed medications to prevent errors and ensure safe drug administration.
- Iatrogenic Effects: Iatrogenic effects are adverse effects or complications resulting from medical treatment or interventions, including drug therapy.
- Addiction: Addiction is a chronic, relapsing condition characterized by compulsive drug-seeking behavior and drug use despite harmful consequences.
- Adjuvant Drugs: Adjuvant drugs are medications used in combination with primary treatments to enhance their effectiveness, often in the management of pain or other conditions.
Common Abbreviations:
- ID (drug route): Intradermal
- IM (drug route): Intramuscular
- IV (drug route): Intravenous
- NG (drug route): Nasogastric
- OD (drug route): Ophthalmic
- OS (drug route): Left Eye (Oculus Sinister)
- OU (drug route): Both Eyes (Oculus Uterque)
- PO (drug route): Oral (by mouth)
- SC; SQ; S/C (drug route): Subcutaneous
- SL (drug route): Sublingual (under the tongue)